General Intro:
The
energy input into the system is the magnitude required to charge a
capacitor, with pure water as dielectric material, to Voltage breakdown
threshold.
Theory:
At the point of voltage breakdown, a path of free charge is created; positive and negative
ions that allows for current to flow.
The alignment of these ions, in the electric field,
results in a high state of order along the conductive path; high order
has an extremely low entropic value. The energy delivered by the current flow is
therefore summated with the net kinetic energy resulting from the alignment of the
positively charged ions. Typically the kinetic energy is low because the random motion
of the particles cancel each other out; the alignment of the particles changes this. The kinetic energy
is derived from the change in entropy.
Notes
Data published by Sandia National Laboratories has allowed for a consolidating analysis of
"voltage breakdown" equations.
Analysis of the Sandia National Labs Data